In earliest order and scheme of Buddhism, there is no such obligation to practice pilgrimage. The pilgrimage itself probably started with visits to the place where the relics of the Buddha are preserved. As known, after the death of the Buddha, the relics of His body were collected and distributed into eight shares amongst the representatives of eight Kingdoms which constituted ancient northern India. Then, these relics were subdivided after King Ashoka decided to build 84,000 stupas.
The relics went to Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Lumbini, Sarnath, Rajgir, Nandangarh (now Rampurwa), Patiliputra and Piprawha. At this time, they are enshrined in various stupas across Asia.
The main purpose of visiting the places of the relics was to achieve personal advantage such as rebirth in good location, as well as to honor the great master. However, the customs of pilgrimage has been widespread among Buddhist nowadays and very common either in Mahayana or Theravada traditions.
The Buddha identifies four places of future pilgrimage.
"Ananda, there are four places for people who are confidently treading on the path of Dhamma to visit which may further inspire them in Dhamma." Mahaparinibbana Sutta
"But don't hinder yourself by honouring my remains," He added
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